Horan TC, Andrus M, Dudeck MA (2008) CDC/NHSN surveillance definition of health care-associated infection and criteria for specific types of infections in the acute care setting. Am J Infect Control 36:309–332. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajic.2008.03.002
Article
Google Scholar
Bendig DW (2021) The differential diagnosis of sterile pyuria in pediatric patients: a review. Global Pediatric Health 6(8):2333794X21993712. https://doi.org/10.1177/2333794X21993712
Article
Google Scholar
Longo DL (2015) Sterile pyuria. N Engl J Med 372:1048–1054. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMra1410052
Article
Google Scholar
Gottlieb SL, Low N, Newman LM, Bolan G, Kamb M, Broutet N (2014) Toward global prevention of sexually transmitted infections (STIs): the need for STI vaccines. Vaccine 32:1527–1535. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2013.07.087
Article
Google Scholar
Glen P, Prashar A, Hawary A (2016) Sterile pyuria: a practical management guide. Br J Gen Pract 66(644):e225–e227. https://doi.org/10.3399/bjgp16X684217
Article
Google Scholar
Malhotra M, Sood S, Mukherjee A, Muralidhar S, Bala M (2013) Genital Chlamydia trachomatis: an update. Indian J Med Res 138(3):303–316
Google Scholar
Johnson RE, Newhall WJ, Papp JR, Knapp JS, Black CM, Gift TL, Steece R, Markowitz LE, Devine OJ, Walsh CM, Wang S, Gunter DC, Irwin KL, DeLisle S, Berman SM (2002) Screening tests to detect Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae infections–2002. MMWR Recomm Rep 18(51(RR–15)):1–38
Google Scholar
Nassar, FA, Abu-Elamreen, FH, Shubair, ME, Sharif, FA (2008) Detection of chlamydia trachomatis and mycoplasma hominis, genitalium and ureaplasma urealyticum by polymerase chain reaction in sterile pyuria 53:80–86. https://doi.org/10.2478/v10039-008-0020-1
Gibson MS, Puckett ML, Shelly ME (2004) Renal tuberculosis. Radiographics 24(1):251–256. https://doi.org/10.1148/rg.241035071
Article
Google Scholar
Vitale AM, Lockwood GM (2020) Urine Microscopy: The Burning Truth – White Blood Cells in the Urine. In: Sharp V, Antes L, Sanders M, Lockwood G (eds) Urine Tests. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-29138-9_8
Chapter
Google Scholar
van der Zee A, Roorda L, Bosman G, Ossewaarde JM (2016) Molecular diagnosis of urinary tract infections by semi-quantitative detection of uropathogens in a routine clinical hospital setting. PLoS ONE 11(3):e0150755. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0150755
Article
Google Scholar
Ahmed OB, Dablool AS (2017) Quality improvement of the DNA extracted by boiling method in gram negative bacteria. Int J Bioassays 6:5347–5349. https://doi.org/10.21746/IJBIO.2017.04.004
Article
Google Scholar
Taheri Beni B, Jenab A, Roghanian R, Motamedi H, Golbang N, Golbang P, Zaeimi Yazdi J (2012) Genotyping of endocervical chlamydia trachomatis strains and detection of serological markers of acute and chronic inflammation in their host. Int J Fertil Steril 6(2):101–106
Google Scholar
Mahony JB, Luinstra KE, Tyndall M, Sellors JW, Krepel J, Chernesky M (1995) Multiplex PCR for detection of Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae in Genitourinary specimens. J Clin Microbiol 33(11):3049–3053. https://doi.org/10.1128/jcm.33.11.3049-3053.1995
Article
Google Scholar
Zeighami H, Peerayeh SN, Yazdi RS, Sorouri R (2009) Prevalence of Ureaplasma urealyticum and Ureaplasma parvum in semen of infertile and healthy men. Int J STD AIDS 20(6):387–390. https://doi.org/10.1258/ijsa.2008.008334
Article
Google Scholar
Munoz JL, Goje OJ (2016) Mycoplasma genitalium: An Emerging Sexually Transmitted Infection. Scientifica (Cairo) 2016:7537318. https://doi.org/10.1155/2016/7537318
Article
Google Scholar
Blanchard A, Yanez A, Dybvig K, Watson HL, Griffiths G, Cassell H (1993) Evaluation of interspecies genetic variation within the 16SrRNA gene of Mycoplasma hominis and detection by polymerase chain reaction. J Ckin Microbil 31(5):1358–1361. https://doi.org/10.1128/jcm.31.5.1358-1361.1993
Article
Google Scholar
Eisenach KD, Donald Cave M, Bates JH, Crawford JT (1990) Polymerase chain reaction amplification of a repetitive DNA sequence specific for Mycobacterium tuberculosis. J Infect Dis 161(5):977–981. https://doi.org/10.1093/infdis/161.5.977
Article
Google Scholar
Lin Y, Fan Y, Cheng C, Sue Y, Hsu Y, Hou C et al (2008) The case | Sterile pyuria and an abnormal abdominal film. ‘Autonephrectomy’ of right kidney. Kidney Int 73:131–133. https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.ki.5002593
Article
Google Scholar
Liu T, Lai SY, Zhou W, Liu YL, Chen SS, Jiang YM (2022) Analysis of Ureaplasma urealyticum, Chlamydia trachomatis, Mycoplasma genitalium and Neisseria gonorrhoeae infections among obstetrics and gynecological outpatients in southwest China: a retrospective study. BMC Infect Dis 22(1):283. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12879-021-06966-z
Article
Google Scholar
Krõlov K, Frolova J, Tudoran O, Suhorutsenko J, Lehto T, Sibul H, Mäger I, Laanpere M, Tulp I, Langel Ü (2014) Sensitive and rapid detection of Chlamydia trachomatis by recombinase polymerase amplification directly from urine samples. J Mol Diagn 16(1):127–135. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmoldx.2013.08.003
Article
Google Scholar
Gdoura R, Kchaou W, Ammar-Keskes L, Chakroun N, Sellemi A, Znazen A, Rebai T, Hammami A (2008) Assessment of Chlamydia trachomatis, Ureaplasma urealyticum, Ureaplasma parvum, Mycoplasma hominis, and Mycoplasma genitalium in semen and first void urine specimens of asymptomatic male partners of infertile couples. J Androl 29(2):198–206. https://doi.org/10.2164/jandrol.107.003566
Article
Google Scholar
Hwang JH, Park HC, Jeong JC, Ha Baek S, Han MY, Bang K, Cho JY, Yu SH, Yang J, Oh KH, Hwang YH, Ahn C (2013) Chronic asymptomatic pyuria precedes overt urinary tract infection and deterioration of renal function in autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease. BMC Nephrol 7(14):1. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2369-14-1
Article
Google Scholar
Hooker JB, Mold JW, Kumar S (2014) Sterile pyuria in patients admitted to the hospital with infections outside of the urinary tract. J Am Board Fam Med 27(1):97–103. https://doi.org/10.3122/jabfm
Article
Google Scholar
Muhammid HA, Naher HS, Al-Hamadani AH (2015) Detection of Mycoplasma hominis and Ureaplasma Urealyticum in urethritis from sexual active men by real-time PCR. Al-Qadisiah Med J 11(2):60–66
Google Scholar
Stellrecht KA, Woron AM, Mishrik NG, Venezia RA (2004) Comparison of multiplex PCR assay with culture for detection of genital mycoplasmas. J Clin Microbiol 42(4):1528–1533. https://doi.org/10.1128/JCM.42.4.1528-1533.2004
Article
Google Scholar
Domingues D, Tavora Tavira L, Duarte A, Sanca A, Prieto E, Exposto F (2003) Genital mycoplasmas in women attending a family planning clinic in Guine-Bissau and their susceptibility to antimicrobiol agents. Acta Trop 86:19–24. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0001-706x(03)00002-0
Article
Google Scholar
Abusarah EA, Awwad ZM, Charvalos E, Shehabi AA (2013) Molecular detection of potential sexually transmitted pathogens in semen and urine specimens of infertile and fertile males. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 77:283–286. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.diagmicrobio.2013.05.018
Article
Google Scholar
Peerayeh SN, Sattari M (2006) Detection of Ureaplasma urealyticum and Mycoplasma hominis in endocervical specimens from infertile women by polymerase chain reaction. Middle East Fertility Soc J 11(2):108–108
Google Scholar
Rahman MS, Beever W, Skov S, Boffa J (2014) Using urinary leucocyte esterase tests as an indicator of infection with gonorrhoea or chlamydia in asymptomatic males in a primary health care setting. Int J STD AIDS 25:138–144. https://doi.org/10.1177/0956462413495670
Article
Google Scholar
Rane VS, Fairley CK, Weerakoon A, Read TH, Fehler G, Chen MY, Bradshaw CS (2014) Characteristics of acute nongonococcal urethritis in men differ by sexual preference. J Clin Microbiol 52(8):2971–2976. https://doi.org/10.1128/JCM.00899-14
Article
Google Scholar
Hemal AK, Gupta NP, Rajeev TP, Kumar R, Dar L, Seth P (2000) Polymerase chain reaction in clinically suspected genitourinary tuberculosis: comparison with intravenous urography, bladder biopsy, and urine acid fast bacilli culture. Urology 56:570–574. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0090-4295(00)00668-3
Article
Google Scholar
Yazdani M, Shahidi S, Shirani Shirani M (2008) Urinary polymerase chain reaction for diagnosis of urogenital tuberculosis. Urol J 5(1):46–49
Google Scholar
Tuddenham S, Hamill MM, Ghanem KG (2022) Diagnosis and treatment of sexually transmitted infections: a review. JAMA 327(2):161–172. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2021.23487
Article
Google Scholar
Rowley RTaN F (2012) Global incidence and prevalence of selected curable sexually transmitted infections-2008. In: World Health Organization (ed) World Health Organization. pp 1–20
Goonewardene S, Persad R (2015) Sterile pyuria: a forgotten entity. Ther Adv Urol 7(5):295–298. https://doi.org/10.1177/1756287215592570
Article
Google Scholar