Safety and efficacy of flexible and semi-rigid ureteroscopy with laser lithotripsy for the management of ureteral calculi in pregnancy

Abstract

Background

Symptomatic ureteric stone during pregnancy can present a clinical challenge because of potential risks to both the mother and foetus. Ureteroscopy with laser and stone basket extraction represents an emerging strategy for definitive stone management in pregnancy, with minor complications. We aimed to evaluate the safety and efficacy of ureteroscopy with auxiliary procedures as a primary treatment for pregnant women with symptomatic ureteric stones who have failed conservative management.

Methods

A prospective analysis was conducted in the Urology Department of Sulaymaniyah Teaching Hospital from June 2017 to November 2019 to evaluate pregnant patients who were treated with ureteroscopy and holmium laser lithotripsy for symptomatic ureteric stone.

Results

Twenty-six pregnant women aged between 18 and 34 years presented with renal colic (22 patients, 84.61%), severe hydronephrosis (3 patients, 11.53%), and progressive hydronephrosis (1 patient, 3.8%), suggesting ureteric stones. The diagnosis was established by abdominal ultrasonography. The mean stone size was 7.38 mm, ranging from 6–12 mm. The stones were located in the proximal ureter (n = 6, 23.1%), middle ureter (n = 0), and distal ureter (n = 20, 76.9%). Complete stone fragmentation was achieved in all patients. The overall procedure success rate was 87%, the stone-free rate was 23 out of 26 cases (88.46%), and no major obstetric or urologic complications were encountered.

Conclusions

Ureteric stone in pregnancy requires a high index of suspicion for a prompt and correct diagnosis. Ureteroscopy: flexible or semirigid endoscopy combined with holmium: YAG laser lithotripsy or with stone extraction are a preferred modality for the definitive treatment of symptomatic ureteric stone in pregnancy.

1 Background

Urinary stone disease is found in 1:500 pregnant women, with no apparent differences in prevalence found [1]. Pregnancy is not a significant risk factor for ureteric stone, but the diagnosis is challenging and has management pitfalls [2]. The increasing progesterone levels cause dilatation and relaxation of the smooth muscles of the urinary tract and may help spontaneous stone passage throughout the urinary tract [3]. This usually occurs during the second and third trimesters since progressive dilation of the ureter allows the asymptomatic actual ureteric stone to migrate downward, embed in the middle or lower ureter and become symptomatic [4]. Physiological hydronephrosis also poses significant management challenges in a clinical trial of ureteric stones, and therefore, stone documentation is mandated. Physiological hydronephrosis is much more common on the right side since it is multifactorial [5]. The incidence of physiologic hydronephrosis is as high as 90% on the right side and 67% on the left side during pregnancy. Although this typically resolves within one month after delivery, its laterality throughout pregnancy has shown no association with factors such as urinary tract problems or prior pregnancies [6]. At the same time, ureteric stone carries risks for the pregnant woman and her foetus, and consequently, clinical intuition during decision making and the course of management is crucial. Preterm delivery, miscarriage, premature rupture of the membrane, and preeclampsia might be included among those risks [7]. The majority (70–80%) of ureteric stones pass spontaneously by conservative treatment [8]. Close follow-up should be performed during conservative treatment; any clinical suspension or impending complication may take the urologist into the stage of active management to relieve obstruction and preserve renal function.

Objective: To evaluate the safety and efficacy of ureteroscopy with auxiliary procedures as a primary treatment for pregnant women with symptomatic ureteric stones who have failed conservative management.

2 Methods

This was a prospective cohort study. We evaluated 26 pregnant women who presented to our emergency department with an initial diagnosis of symptomatic ureteric stone and hydronephrosis that did not resolve despite conservative treatment during the follow-up period between June 2017 and November 2019. Written informed consent was obtained from all the participants to participate in the study. All patients were offered conservative treatment (such as intravenous fluid replacement and analgesics) as a primary modality of treatment. Those who had failed medical therapy or had an absolute indication for active management at the time of presentation were included in the study. The inclusion criteria were as follows: pregnant women who were 16 years and above, failure to respond to conservative management for ureteric stones, all stages of pregnancy, all symptomatic ureteric stones, urosepsis, severe hydroureteronephrosis, renal impairment in a solitary kidney or bilateral disease; and persistent, intractable pain. The exclusion criteria were spontaneous stone passage during conservative measurement, asymptomatic ureteric stones, colic due to renal stones, and physiological hydronephrosis and comorbidities such as eclampsia.

All patients had a full history and a clinical examination to record their gestation trimesters, admission symptoms, diagnostic methods, degree of hydronephrosis, history of ureteric stone or urological interventions, and sizes and locations of stones. Baseline laboratory tests included general urinalysis, urine culture, complete blood count, serum creatinine, blood urea nitrogen (BUN), and C-reactive protein. Ultrasound was used as a primary diagnostic modality for stone documentation. Preoperative patients' data were recorded. All patients were offered spinal anesthesia, a prophylactic antibiotic with a 3rd-generation cephalosporin, and each patient was positioned in a low lithotomy position with slight tilting to the left. The proposed operation, and the modality of treatment was decided intra-operatively to relieve the obstruction, followed by intraoperative decisions for further endourological intervention (stone factor, ureteral status, patient factor, and renal factor). Accordingly, the patients were offered semi-rigid 8 Fr tip ureterorenoscopy (Karl Storz Endoscopy, Tuttlingen, Germany) and flexible ureterorenoscopy 7.5 Fr (Storz Flex-X2S, Tuttlingen, Germany) without an access sheath, using a Holmium-Yttrium–Aluminium-Garnet (Ho: YAG) laser (CALLCULASE II SCB, Karl Storz, Germany) as a primary lithotripter. The frequency was adjusted to 6–8 Hz and the energy to 0.8–1.2 J/pulse. A Glide wire (Terumo, 0.035 inches) was used as a primary working guidewire following the guidewire technique for accessing the ureter. Stones larger than 2 mm were extracted using a stone extracting device. All patients underwent 4.7- 6 Fr, 26 cm, double J-stent insertion. The double JJ was removed after 3–4 weeks.

Accordingly, there were 3 patient groups: group A had a semi-rigid ureteroscope 8F tip with laser lithotripsy, Group B received 7.5 Fr flexible ureterorenoscopy (URS) with laser lithotripsy and a 3.0 Fr stone basket (zero-tip nitinol stone-retrieval basket), which was used as a stone-extracting device in both groups. Group C underwent semi-rigid ureteroscopy and stone extraction using a PULSELITH-triponge grasper without laser lithotripsy. Outcomes study were made between the three groups in terms of safety and efficiency.

Intraoperative and postoperative complications were classified according to the Clavien–Dindo classification system [9]. Each patient was monitored for intraoperative ureteral injury by using the following Modified Satava Classification: Grade 1: ureteral injury without sequelae; Grade 2A: intraoperative treatment with endoscopic surgery; Grade 2B: endoscopic retreatment in the second operation; and Grade 3: incidents requiring exploration with open surgery or laparoscopic intervention [10]. The patients were sent for an abdominal ultrasound on the 1st postoperative day for rechecking of the JJ stent, for stone-free status or residual stones and for any perirenal collection. Postoperative renal function was assessed by serum creatinine level.

All patients were followed until the end of pregnancy and after delivery to ensure maternal and foetal well-being.

We defined stone-free status as the absence of fragments of more than 1 mm in diameter in the ureter, which are too small to be extracted with a basket or grasper by ureteroscopy inspection.

The method was considered successful if no stone was noticed in the ureter, the ureter was patent, a double J stent was inserted, and the patient's symptoms resolved.

Efficacy was defined by the stone clearance rate and the need for additional procedures such as ureteric stenting. Process and recovery outcomes were measured by the length of hospital stay and analgesic requirements. Intraoperative postoperative patients and operative findings were collected for statistical analysis using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences version 22.0 software. The chi-square test and one-sample T-test were used to calculate the P-value. A P-value of < 0.05 was chosen for statistically significant data.

3 Results

Twenty-six pregnant women had symptomatic ureteral stones, with a mean age and standard deviation (SD) of 27.58 ± 4.61 years and a mean gestational age of 28.38 ± 6.34 SD weeks. Of the total of 26 stones, 20 (76.9%) were in the lower ureter, zero were in the middle one‑third of the ureter, and 6 (23.1%) were in the upper one‑third of the ureter.

Left-sided ureteric stones were encountered in 7 (26.9%) patients, and right-sided stones were encountered in 19 (73.1%) patients. The size of the stones ranged from 6 to 12 mm (mean: 7.38 mm), as estimated by abdominal ultrasound. The main presenting symptom was flank pain in 22 patients (84.61%) and nausea with vomiting in 4 patients (15.38%). The endourological intervention achieved persistent pain in 22 patients (84.61%), severe hydronephrosis in three patients (11.53%), and progressive hydronephrosis in 1 patient (3.8%). See Table 1.

Table 1 The patient characteristics and descriptive analysis

The first group of 10 patients managed by flexible ureterorenoscopy with laser lithotripter and double J-stent insertion had a stone-free rate of 100%. The mean operative time was 49.2 ± 5.84 SD minutes, and the mean postoperative serum creatinine was 0.93 ± 0.188 SD mg/dl, with intraoperative grade 1 (Satava classification) ureteral injury, postoperative complication grade 1 (Clavien–Dindo) in 70% of patients and grade 2 in 30% of patients. The mean duration of postoperative hospitalization was 2.4 ± 0.516 SD; no patients required a secondary operation apart from double J-stent removal under local anesthesia with flexible cystoscopy after 3–4 weeks.

In the second group of 11 patients managed by semi-rigid ureterorenoscopy, the stone-free rate was 72.7%, the mean operative time was 31.73 ± 3.19, the mean postoperative serum creatinine was 0.78 ± 0.13 mg/dl, with intraoperative G1 (Satava classification) ureteral injury in 2 patients, postoperative complication Grade 1 (Clavien–Dindo) in 72.7% of patients and Grade 2 complications in 27.3% of patients. The mean postoperative hospitalization was 2.73 ± 1.009 Eight stone-free patients had double J stents that were removed under local anesthesia with flexible cystoscopy after 3–4 weeks. Three patients with upper ureteric stones (residual stones and stone fragments pushed backed during lithotripsy) were kept on double J stents until delivery. Then, they underwent a secondary (delayed) operation with flexible ureterorenoscopy within 6–8 weeks postdelivery, and the stone-free rate was 100%.

The third group of 5 patients were managed by using semi-rigid ureterorenoscopy with a triponge grasper without mandating lithotripsy. The stone-free rate was 100%, the mean operative time was 22.4 ± 1.14 SD minutes, and the mean postoperative serum creatinine was 0.8 ± 1.158. Intraoperative G1 ureteral injury occurred in three patients. Grade 1 postoperative complications occurred in 100% of patients, and there were no Grade 2 complications. The mean postoperative hospitalization was 1.60 ± 0.548 days. See Tables 2 and 3.

Table 2 Outcomes of Intraoperative and postoperative patient data in different groups

Table 3 Clavien–Dindo grades of the complications in different groups

4 Discussion

During pregnancy, the accurate diagnosis of ureteric stones is masked by physiological changes. Clinical signs and symptoms, microscopic haematuria, and greyscale ultrasound can be used as primary modalities for diagnosis. The most common clinical presentation of ureteric stones in pregnant patients is loin pain. Andreoiu et al. in 2009 reported loin pain in 96.5% of 144 confirmed cases [11]. In our study, loin pain occurred in 22 patients (84.6%) in 26 confirmed cases; however, the clinical presentation of ureteric stones in pregnancy became less predictable for diagnosis, since loin pain and microscopic haematuria may occur as part of the ordinary course of pregnancy.

More stones on the right side are diagnosed because the physiologic hydronephrosis that is diagnosed by ultrasound more often on the right side raises the suspicion of ureteric stones and may miss left-sided stones because of bowel gas from the sigmoid colon.

In the acute presentation, grayscale ultrasound may miss ureteric stones, with a high false-negative rate but high sensitivity when there is clinical suspicion or radiological signs such as hydronephrosis exist. The sensitivity and specificity of ultrasonography for renal stone disease are 59%–78% and 100%, respectively [12].

Lifshitz DA et al. retrospectively analyzed ten symptomatic pregnant women who had ureteric stones that required URS in 2000. The mean patient age was 23 (range 17–31) years. Ultrasound scanning was performed in all patients and showed a low sensitivity (28.5%) when compared with intraoperative findings [13].

In our study, we used ultrasound as the primary modality for diagnosis and applied it to all patients. Stones yielded a positive result in 73.1% of patients, and 26.9% of patients with high clinical suspicion of ureteric stones were diagnosed during ureteroscopy.

Few ultrasonic parameters can help, such as using a transvaginal probe, monitoring the ureteric jet, and measuring the resistive index [14], and using colour Doppler for the assessment of the ureteral jet may assist in the diagnosis of ureteral obstruction [15]. Measuring the renal artery resistive index will facilitate the diagnosis of the obstruction [16].

Other modalities for diagnosis include MRI, low-dose CT scans (< 3.5 mSv), or ultralow-dose CT scans (< 1.9 mSv) [17]. The overall sensitivity of the diagnostic modalities of ultrasound, MRI, and CT for detecting ureteric stones during pregnancy is 77%, 80%, and 95.8%, respectively [18].

In 2001, Watterson et al. performed a retrospective analysis of eight patients with a total of 10 symptomatic ureteral calculi. They underwent URS with laser management. Stone access and complete fragmentation were achieved in all patients. The overall procedural success rate was 91%, with eight of nine calculi treated successfully (stone-free rate: 89%) [19]. Latina et al. performed a systematic review of the literature from January 1990 to June 2011 to evaluate the clinical efficacy and safety of ureteroscopy as a primary treatment for pregnant women with symptomatic ureteric stones. A total of 239 abstracts were screened, and 15 studies that reported on 116 procedures were identified. The complete stone clearance rate was 86%, with two major complications and seven minor complications [20]. A recent systematic review by Semins et al. clarified that 14 of 108 pregnant patients who underwent ureteroscopy stone treatment had an overall urological complication rate of 8.3%, with no significant differences in ureteral injury and urinary tract infection compared with nonpregnant women [21].

The mean operative time was higher among the flexible URS group (49.2 ± 5.84) versus the semi-rigid URS group (31.73 ± 3.19), which was explained by the fact that the handling and use of lithotripsy in a flexible device to target a stone is sensitive to respiratory movement, especially in patients under spinal anesthesia.

A retrospective study performed by Johnson EB et al. for assessing postoperative obstetrical complications in pregnant women who underwent ureteroscopy identified preterm labour in 2 of 46 patients at five institutions, with an overall obstetric complication rate of 4.3% [22].

In our study, the gestational period showed no significant differences between the groups. There were no preterm labor cases or major obstetric complications because our primary decision was to relieve obstruction, and difficult circumstances were postponed for a delayed operation.

In our study, the overall stone-free rate was 23 out of 26 (88.46%); the total success rate was 87%, with no significant difference in the mean operative time when the semi-rigid ureteroscope was used. The overall postoperative complications were classified as Clavien–Dindo grade 1 in 20 patients (76.9%), who had mild complications (loin pain, haematuria, nausea and vomiting, and stent-related symptoms) and as Clavien–Dindo grade 2 in 6 patients (23.07%), who had a postoperative fever. Ureteral injury with a Satava classification of G1 (ureteral injury without sequelae) occurred in 6 patients (23.55%).

Postoperative analgesia was used in 4 of 26 patients, which was significantly different between the groups and generally reflecting the success of endourology in pregnancy, which reduced the amount of analgesia needed after relieving the obstruction.

The American Urological Association (AUA) guidelines approve an initial conservative treatment with expected spontaneous stone passage [19]. Medical expulsive therapies (METs) such as alpha-blockers (tamsulosin) and calcium channel blockers (nifedipine) have no US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approval for use during pregnancy [23].

Historically, the temporary modality has been considered the gold-standard management because it is less invasive and potentially useful in relieving obstruction and pain and maintaining optimal renal function [24, 25]. Active urinary tract infection or urosepsis is an absolute contraindication for definitive stone treatment. In our study, during active management, none of the cases had urosepsis on presentation; the proposed operation was employed to alleviate obstruction with a JJ stent, and it was intraoperatively decided that definitive treatment would proceed based on stone, kidney, and patient factors.

A more recent retrospective study performed by Abedi AR et al. reported the safety and efficacy of URS and laser lithotripsy in 15 pregnant women who had ureteral stones, and there were no significant complications; however, the authors noted the limitations of the study, such as the retrospective nature and the small sample size [26]. Overall, these studies do not provide clear evidence supporting the safety of ureteroscopy and anesthesia during pregnancy, and the lack of fluoroscopic control requires advanced surgical techniques and surgeon experience. The limitation of our study was the limited number of cases. Further investigations should be performed, and our study can be used as a reference.

5 Conclusion

Ureteric stone in pregnancy requires a high index of suspicion for a prompt and correct diagnosis. Ureteroscopy: flexible or semirigid endoscopy combined with holmium: YAG laser lithotripsy or with stone extraction are a preferred modality for the definitive treatment of symptomatic ureteric stone in pregnancy.