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Table 4 The distribution of fistula etiologies among female patients (N = 100)

From: Outcome and predictors of failure of abdominal surgical repair of high vesico-vaginal and vesico-uterine fistulae at Gezira Hospital for Renal Disease and Surgery

Causes of fistula

Frequency

%

Obstetric

70

70

Spontaneous vaginal delivery

42

42

Emergency cesarean section

18

18

Assisted vaginal delivery

6

6

Elective cesarean section

4

4

Hysterectomy

30

30

Trans-abdominal

16

16

Trans-vaginal

14

14