From: Outcome and predictors of failure of abdominal surgical repair of high vesico-vaginal and vesico-uterine fistulae at Gezira Hospital for Renal Disease and Surgery
Causes of fistula
Frequency
%
Obstetric
70
Spontaneous vaginal delivery
42
Emergency cesarean section
18
Assisted vaginal delivery
6
Elective cesarean section
4
Hysterectomy
30
Trans-abdominal
16
Trans-vaginal
14