Skip to main content

Table 2 Association between hypospadias and stratified maternal age

From: Trends and predictors of incidence of hypospadias in a tertiary hospital in South Africa

Variables

Crude analysis

OR (95% CI)

Stratified age

Analysis OR (95% CI)

Combined M-H

OR (95% CI)

 < 36 years

 ≥ 36 years

Mothers’ previous medical history

2.80 (0.61; 12.86)

2.59 (0.41; 16.15)

2.62 (0.16; 43.30)

2.60 (0.56; 12.05)

Mothers’ previous surgical history

1.29 (0.62; 2.68)

0.87 (0.32; 2.38)

2.04 (0.69; 5.98)

1.27 (0.61; 2.64)

Mothers’ prenatal vaccination

0.92 (0.39; 2.18)

1.24 (0.35; 4.39)

0.66 (0.20; 2.16)

0.89 (0.38; 2.13)

Mothers’ mode of delivery

3.99 (1.81; 8.77)

1.78 (0.58; 5.47)

9.6 (2.99; 30.75)

3.93 (1.81; 8.55)

Mothers’ history of congenital abnormalities

3.03 (0.93; 9.91)

2.98 (0.67; 13.17)

2.68 (3.59; 19.94)

2.88 (0.87; 9.49)

Mothers’ smoking history

1.54 (0.34; 7.08)

0.82 (0.72; 9.34)

2.68 (0.56; 19.94)

1.59 (0.35; 7.22)

Mothers’ history of alcohol consumption

3.10 (1.19; 8.09)

1.76 (0.53; 5.84)

7.5 (1.37; 41.10)

2.87 (1.11; 7.41)

Traditional herbal use by Mothers

2.05 (1.11; 3.78)

1.94 (0,88; 4.39)

1.93 (0.73; 5.09)

1.95 (1.05; 3.63)

Mothers’ employment status

0.85 (0.48; 1.50)

1.49 (0.66; 3.39)

0.40 (0.17; 0.96)

0.81 (0.45; 1.43)

Mothers’ educational level (high education is taken as reference)

0.48 (0,21; 1.09)

0.80 (0.29:2.18)

0.20 (0.45; 0.91)

0.53 (0.24; 1.19)

Number of babies born at a time by mother

1.69 (0.64; 4.50)

1.74 (0.47; 6.39)

1.6 (0.36; 7.16)

1.68 (0.63; 4.48)

Babies’ birth weight

0.35 (0.19; 0.63)

0.32 (1.45; 0.72)

0.38 (0.16; 0.89)

0.35 (0.19; 0.62)

  1. Stratified maternal age, Crude OR, Mantel Haenszel combined, analysis by the Woolf approach