Table 1 Association between hypospadias and potential risk factors
From: Trends and predictors of incidence of hypospadias in a tertiary hospital in South Africa
Variable | Annual trend | Cases (n = 73) (%) | Controls (n = 148) (%) | p value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Year | 2014 | 17 (23.3) | 35 (23.7) | 0.99 |
2015 | 32 (43.8) | 67 (45.3) | ||
2016 | 24 (32.9) | 46 (31.1) | ||
Marital status | Single | 20 (27.4) | 35 (36.5) | 0.38 |
Married | 47 (64.4) | 85 (57.4) | ||
Others | 6 (8.2) | 9 (6.1) | ||
Medical history | Yes | 4 (5.5) | 3 (2.0) | 0.22* |
Surgical history | Yes | 14 (19.) | 23 (15.5) | 0.50 |
Vaccination history | Yes | 64 (87.7) | 131 (88.5) | 0.86 |
Mother’s age | Median (IQR) | 35 (30–40) | 37 (33–40) | 0.07 |
Caesarian section | Yes | 19 (26.0) | 12 (8.1) | < 0.001 |
Baby’s’ gestational age | Median (IQR) | 38 (32–39) | 38 (36–40) | 0.002 |
Familial medical history | Yes | 1 (1.4) | 0 (0) | 0.33 |
Congenital abnormalities | No | 66 (90.4) | 143 (96.6) | 0.06+ |
Smoking history | Yes | 3 (4.1) | 3 (2.0) | 0.40 |
Alcohol use | Yes | 10 (13.9) | 3 (2.1) | 0.001* |
Drug use | Yes | 23 (31.5) | 1 (0.7) | < 0.001 |
Unknown | 5 (6.9) | 13 (8.8) | ||
Traditional herbal use | Yes | 17 (23.3) | 15 (10.1 | 0.03 |
Unknown | 10 (13.7) | 18 (12.2) | ||
Employment | Employed | 43 (58.9) | 93 (62.8) | 0.65+ |
Unemployed | 2 (2.7) | 2 (1.4) | ||
Education | At least high school | 60 (82.2) | 134 (95.5) | 0.08 |
Multiple pregnancies | More than one baby | 8 (11.0) | 10 (6.8) | 0.28 |
Baby birth weight (g) | Median (IQR) | 2490 (1700–3190) | 3195 (2430–3755) | < 0.001 |