Table 2 Treatment modalities in children with urethral prolapse

Zhang et al. (2020/China) [7]

n = 8

Conservative treatment = 7 (no details)

First line = 7

Successful = 7

NR

Surgical resection = 1

First line = 1

Successful = 1

NR

Novoa-Carballal et al. (2018/Spain) [20]

n = 1

Conservative treatment = 1 (no details)

First line = 1

Successful with mild prolapse = 1

NR

None

None

None

None

McCaskill et al. (2018/USA) [4]

n = 1

TEC = 1

First line = 1

Successful = 1

1 m

None

None

None

None

Wei et al. (2017/China) [3]

n = 89

Sitz baths + local ATB + steroids antispasmodic + urinary tract decontamination + manipulative reduction = 89

First line = 89

Successful = 14

unsuccessful = 75 (treated surgically)

1–16 y

Surgical excision = 20

Ligation over Foley catheter = 55

Failure of conservative treatment = 75

Successful = 75

1–16 y

Liu et al. (2017/China) [6]

n = 7

antiinflammation therapy + perineum nursing + sitz bath + Cath = 2

First line = 2

Successful = 2

6 y

Catheter + Loop excision + Suturing with Vicryl 6/0 sutures + Local gauze packing = 5

First line = 5

Successful = 5

2 w—5 y

Lora et al. (2017/Italy) [14]

n = 1

TEC + oral polyethylene glycol for constipation = 1

First line = 1

Unsuccessful = 1 (referred to urologist)

10 m

None

None

None

None

Kondamudi et al. (2014/USA) [19]

n = 1

TEC = 1

First line = 1

NR

NR

None

None

None

None

Ballouhey et al. (2014/France) [1]

n = 28

sitz baths + anti-inflammatories = 14

First line = 14

Successful = 9 Unsuccessful = 5 (treated surgically)

1–52 m

Catheter + 6 holding sutures + 4 stay & temporary holding sutures in each quadrant + resection with cautery + intervening tissue sutured with two stitches. = 19

First line = 14

Failure of conservative treatment = 5

Successful = 19

1–52 m

Ballouhey et al. (2013/France) [15]

n = 1

sitz bath + local steroids for 3 days = 1

First line = 1

Unsuccessful = 1 (treated surgically)

6 m

Resection by electrocoagulation around a Foley-type probe + suture with separate points = 1

Failure of conservative treatment = 1

Successful = 1

6 m

Holbrook et al. (2011/UK) [8]

n = 21

Sitz bath = 13

First line = 13

Successful = 13

NR

Reduction under a general anaesthetic = 8

First line = 8

Successful = 3

Recurrence = 1

Partial reduction = 2

Minimal residual prolapse = 2

NR

Aprile et al. (2011/Italy) [2]

n = 1

Rest = 1

First line = 1

Successful = 1 (recurred after 2 y)

2 y

Surgical excision

Recurrence = 1

NR

NR

Fiogbe et al. (2011/Benin) [12]

n = 9

Povidone iodine + Prophylactic ATB + anti-inflammatories = 3

First line = 3

Successful = 3

10 d

Foley’s urethra catheter + circumferential resection + muco-mucous suture = 6

First line = 6

Recurrence = 1 (treated again)

Successful = 5

20 m

Vunda et al. (2011/Switzerland) [16]

n = 1

TEC (promestriene) + sitz baths + camomile = 1

First line = 1

Successful = 1

6 w + 20 m

None

None

None

None

Pereira et al. (2011/UK) [17]

n = 1

TEC, Sitz bath = 1

First line = 1

Unsuccessful = 1 (referred to urologists)

4 w

None

None

None

None

Ekenze wt al. (2009/Nigeria) [10]

n = 3

TEC = 3

First line = 3

Unsuccessful = 3 (treated surgically)

6–17 m

Excision + seromucosal stitching = 3

Failure of medical treatment = 3

Successful = 3

NR

Hillyer et al. (2009/USA) [5]

n = 34

TEC, Sitz bath = 6

First line = 6

Loss of follow-up = 4 unsuccessful = 2 (treated surgically)

NR

Foley’s urethra catheter + circumferential resection + catgut sutures = 30

Failure of medical treatment = 2

First line = 28

Successful = 30

1 m

Agarwal et al. (2008/UK) [9]

n = 2

Manual reduction + Cath = 1

First line = 1

NR

NR

Four-quadrant excision = 1 (another case)

First line = 1

NR

NR

Shurtleff et al. (2002/USA) [13]

n = 3

Sitz bath = 3

First line = 3

Unsuccessful = 3 (treated surgically)

7 d

Four-quadrant excision = 3

Failure of medical treatment = 3

Successful = 3

2 w

8 m—2 y

Silva-Anoma et al. (2001/Ivory Cost) [11]

n = 65

Amoxicilline, Metronidazol + Morniflumate + Polyvidone iode = 12

First line = 12

Successful = 3

NR = 9

1 y

Doria technique = 38

Cath + excision + sutures = 15

First line = 53

Successful = 53

1 y

McKenna et al. (1999/Queensland) (18)

n = 1

TEC and steroid cream = 1

First line = 1

Unsuccessful = 1 (treated surgically)

4 m

Foley’s urethra catheter + circumferential resection + epithelium suture = 1

Failure of medical treatment = 1

Successful = 1

18 m