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Table 1 Morpho-constitutional classification of the stones according to Daudon et al.

From: Morpho-constitutional analysis of urinary stones from patients with urolithiasis in the Democratic Republic of Congo

Morphological type

Subtype

Component

Clinical interpretation

I

Ia

Whewellite

Dietary hyperoxaluria, insufficient diuresis

Ib

Whewellite

Stase, insufficient diuresis

Ic

Whewellite

Primary hyperoxaluria

Id

Whewellite

Malformative uropathy, stasis and anatomical confinement

Ie

Whewellite

Hyperoxalurie absorptive

II

IIa

Weddellite

Hypercalciurie

IIb

Weddellite ± whewellite

Hypercalciuria ± hyperoxaluria ± hypocitraturia

IIc

Weddellite

Hypercalciuria, stasis and anatomical confinement

III

IIIa

Uric acid

acid urinary pH and stasis

IIIb

Uric acid

Metabolic syndrome, diabetes

IIIc

Urates

Hyperuricosuria and alkaline urine, urinary tract infection

IIId

Ammonium urate

Hyperuricosuria and diarrhea

IV

IVa1

Carbapatitis

Hypercalciuria, urinary tract infection

IVa2

Carbapatitis

Distal tubular acidosis

IVb

Carbapatitis

Infection, hypercalciuria

IVc

Struvite

Urease germ infection

IVd

Brushitis

Hypercalciuria, primary hyperparathyroidism, hyperphosphaturia, phosphated diabetes

V

Va

Cystine

Cystinuria

Vb

Cystine

Cystinuria + alkalization treatment

VI

VIa

Proteins

Chronic pyelonephritis

VIb

Proteins

Drug lithiasis and tubular protein secretion or proteinuria

VIc

Proteins

Dialysis and excessive calcium + vitamin D supplementation