Study design | Setting | Sample size | Intervention | Performer of intervention | Sensitivity | Specificity | Summary | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
DRE | PSAT | DRE | PSAT | |||||||
Walsh et al. [18] | Retrospective cohort analysis | Ireland | 1451 | Prostate cancer detection using DRE in general practice and urology clinics | Oncologists and urologists | 81% | 35% | 40% | – | DRE identifies high proportion of clinically significant PCs that requires treatment, and every abnormal DRE, even with normal PSAT requires referrals |
De et al. [20] | Prospective cohort study | India | 60 | DRE, PSAT and ultrasound | A medical doctor, urologist, and physiologist | 60% | 95% | 92.5% | 46.6% | PSAT reported to have higher sensitivity, but lower specificity than DRE |
Ojewola et al. [21] | Prospective cohort study | Nigeria | 168 | Prostate cancer screening using DRE and PSAT | Surgeons and an urologist | 75.7% | 94.6% | 44.7% | 20.2% | PSAT has higher sensitivity but lower specificity compared to DRE |
Al-Rumaihi et al. [29] | Prospective (cross-sectional study) | Qatar | 651 | Prostate cancer screening using DRE and PSAT | Urologists and nephrologists | 46.1% | 93.9% | 84.7% | 8.5% | PSAT with its high sensitivity failed to detect cancer in many patients with significant disease |
Abdrabo et al. [31] | Prospective cohort study | Sudan | 118 | Prostate cancer detection using DRE and PSA | Clinical chemist, pathologist, and urologist | 63.8% | 91.6% | 46.9% | 24% | PSAT has higher sensitivity, but lower specificity compared to DRE |
Ahmed et al. [17] | Prospective Cohort study | Sudan | 194 | Prostate cancer detection using DRE and PSAT | Medical doctors, urologists, pathologist, and oncologists | 48.1% | 96.3 | 13.3% | 25.7% | PSAT has higher sensitivity and specificity compared with DRE and detects considerable proportions of PC. Combination of DRE and PSAT escalates the probability of PC detection in LUTS patients |
Alonso-Sandoica et al. [7] | Retrospective cohort study | Spain | 706 | PSAT and DRE | Urologists | 43.2 | 52.0 | 89.2 | 56.0 | Tumour volume does not correlate with PSAT levels |
Issa et al. [19] | Retrospective cohort analysis | USA | 628 | DRE as a predictor of biopsy confirmed PC | Medical doctors and urologists | 46% | 80% | 56% | 72% | PSAT has higher sensitivity and specificity compared to DRE (P value = 0.0001) Predictors: patients’ clinical and demographic characteristics |